The polite listener In England stares at the speaker attentively and blinks his eyes occasionally as a sign of interest. That eye-blink says nothing to Americans, who expect the listener to nod or to murmur something such as "mm - hmm”. And in some parts of  Far East, it is impolite to look at the other person at all during conversation.It is often argued that, in teaching foreign Languages, culture and Language are interwoven in a way that it is not possible to present Language without its culture. However, until a new method of teaching Language, called communicative approach, which is sociolinguistically oriented, had not come into existence, this belief was not used to be observed in textbooks and Language classes. This method intends to create situations in the classroom in which foreign Language can be used as naturally and authentically as the native speakers of target Language use it for communicative purposes.The problem of teaching culture, nevertheless, does not end here. Nowadays, foreign Languages are taught with different and varied objectives. Is it necessary for all foreign Language learners to get familiar with the culture of foreign Language they are supposed to learn? As Schumann (1984) claims, is it true that second Language learning is impossible, unless one gives up his/her own native culture and adopts the culture of foreign Language community? What are some relevant issues regarding teaching English in Iran? These are actually some basic questions raised in this article. Whereas definite answers are not necessarily provided in this paper, some areas of research related to culture, and teaching foreign Language are put forward.

Background and Aim: In patients with complete denture, some clinicians have used modelling plastic impression compound (MPIC) along tissue conditioner (TC) materials simultaneously. Little information is available on the composition of these materials and the interaction between them. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of two components of MPIC on the structure and chemical composition of TC.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, MPIC specimens were provided in 25×2 mm discs. Specimens were randomly divided into three groups and were immersed in ethanol 70%, plasticizer (dibutyl phthalate) and a mixture of them (ethanol 70% and dibutyl phthalate). All of the discs were weighed with a digital balance before and 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours after immersion. Values were analyzed by non parametric Kruskal-Wallis (a= 0.05) and SPSS 16 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used for statistical analysis.Results: Statistical analysis indicated significant differences among all groups (p>.05).Conclusion: Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) had high impact on the solubility of MP, while the mixture of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and ethanol demonstrated the highest impact.

Explaining the meaning of “Clear Arabic Language” (Arabic: لسان عربیّ مبین) in the Holy Quran according to the opinions of the commentators (the scholars who interpret the Holy Book of Quran) and the semantic functions of the words is the main issue of this research. Differences of opinion of commentators (Arabic: مفسّر; plural: Arabic: مفسّرون, Romanized: mufassirūn) and citing their views for different reasons necessitated this research. The present article has been studied and evaluated the opinions of the commentators in interpreting the verse and considers their views about “Clear Arabic Language” (Arabic: لسان عربیّ مبین) in four parts. These include: Taḥaddī (Arabic: تحدّی, The Quranic Challenge), the Language of the audience and the place of revelation, the honor and capacities of the Arabic Language, the eloquence and explicitness of the specific Language of the Qur'an. The results of the research show that the “Clear Arabic Language” beyond the opinions of the commentators is a common understanding that has revealed the superhuman Language of revelation through human conversational style and considered the universal characteristics, transhumanism, transhistorical of the Holy Book of Quran while considering the conditions and understanding of the audience. Paying attention to the Quranic meaning of related words and narrations as well as Saussure’s linguistic point of view can confirm the recent meaning.

Easy access to social media enables users to express their opinions and ideology about various topics like news, videos, and personalities freely, without any fear, and often in an offensive manner. It is a vital task to detect comments with offensive Language on social media platforms and relies on a complete and comprehensive tagged dataset. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce and make publicly available PerBOLD, a new Persian comment dataset collected from Instagram as a popular platform among Iranian. We follow a two-level manual annotation process in order to determine whether a comment has offensive Language or not and fine-grained tags of different types of offensive Language. Furthermore, we present some interesting aspects of data and analysis them.

Background and Aim: There are different methods of oral health education for child population. Theater show is a method that has not received enough attention until now. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using theater show on dental health education in Yazd female elementary students.Materials and Methods: This was a quasi experimental study performed by using pre- and post-test method in Iran over the year 2004. One elementary school from each region of the city was selected. Twenty students from each grade of each school were included in the study (n=200). The information on knowledge, attitudes and practice of oral health were collected by using a valid and reliable questionnaire before and after theater show performance. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Wilcoxon signed rank test.Results: This study showed that the theater show could improve knowledge, attitude and proper oral health practice of children. The effect of the theater show on knowledge was more than attitude and was more on attitude than practice (P<0.001). Only literacy on the part of mothers was significantly correlated with practice (P=0.021). There were significant correlations between Knowledge (P=0.020), Attitude (P=0.0001) and oral health Practice (P=0.022) with students' grade level.Conclusion: This study showed that using theater show for oral health education, could improve the oral health related knowledge, attitude and proper oral health practice by elementary school students.

Introduction: Language learning is the product of the complex interaction of internal factors of thinking and cognition, and external factors of emotions and social and cultural interactions. Second Language learning anxiety as one of the types of educational anxiety can affect learners' performance. So, the aim of this study was the Modeling of English Language motivational selves based on Language performance with mediating role of English Language learning anxiety in high school students. Methods: The present study was a correlational study based on structural equation Modeling. The statistical population consisted of third grade female high school students in the academic year 2017-2018, in which 260 people were selected using cluster random sampling. Data collection tools included Horwitz et al. English Language class anxiety questionnaire (1986), Taguchi et al. Language motivational selves’,system questionnaire (2009), and the Language lesson score of the Language performance index. To analyze the data in descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation were used and at the level of inferential statistics, structural equation Modeling was used with SPSS 24 and Amos 23 softwares. Results: The findings showed that there is a significant relationship between Language motivational selves system and English Language anxiety with Language performance. English anxiety mediates the relationship between Language motivational selves’,system and Language performance. Also, the research model was approved and in general, 30% of English Language performance can be explained by the Language motivational selves’,system and English Language anxiety [p≥,0. 001]. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the Language motivational selves system can reduce Language anxiety and ultimately lead to improved learning status in learners.

This paper investigates a category-based statistical Language model for Persian continuous speech recognition. The Language models are based on variable-length category-based n-grams. Instead of finding patterns among individual words, a Language model may be designed to discover relationships between word categories. In this research, this has been accomplished in 3 steps; clustering words into groups, exploitation of the statistical Language model employing tree data structure and its application to the recognition system. The most important advantage of this model has found to be its ability to return to correct path in situations where ordinary statistical Modeling does not allow it.